Differences between effective temperatures of benchmark stars inferred from 3D non-LTE or 1D LTE model spectra (the latter calculated on α_MLT = 1.5 model atmospheres), and independent literature values, as functions of literature effective temperatures (left panel) and metallicities(right panel). Error bars are shown for the 3D non-LTE models, and omitted for the 1D LTE models for clarity. Also shown are lines of best fit that take uncertainties into account.