Minimum mass distribution of synthetic and observed planets. Thick vertical lines show 68% confidence intervals based on the binomial distribution. Thin blue lines show standard deviations of 2000 bootstrapped synthetic samples, where each sample had the size of the observed sample. Top: total normalized counts. The distribution of the biased synthetic population appears bimodal in M sin(i). The observed sample shows a peak in the terrestrial planet regime of a few Earth masses and a continuous downward slope without a valley. At low masses, the theoretical and observed distributions agree. The formation model underproduces planets ≳30 M_⊙ and features a “sub-Saturn valley.” Center and bottom: normalized counts for late (<0.4 M_⊙) and early (>0.4 M_⊙) M dwarfs separately. At minimum masses beyond ~30 M_⊙, theory and observations disagree: while observed subgiant and giant planets occur mostly around stars with masses ~0.3 M_⊙, the formation model produces such planets only around more massive stars.