Wave structures generated by TRAPPIST-1 b. Each panel shows the wave perturbations of a different plasma variable, where panels a and b also indicate the wave paths. Panel a shows the perturbation of the radial magnetic field component δB_r, panel b shows the density perturbation δρ, panel c shows the perturbation of the meridional magnetic field component, δB_ϑ, and panel d shows the pressure perturbation, δp.