Measured P_rot versus M_star. Pink and cyan points represent stars from McQuillan et al. (2014) and Newton et al. (2016b; ‘A’ and ‘B’ rotators only), respectively. The purple dashed line represents the saturation period as a function of stellar mass, based on Eq. (10) of Reiners et al. (2014) and L_bol from 5-Gyr PARSEC isochrones (Bressan et al. 2012). The empty circles denote young stars in the CARMENES sample assigned to stellar kinematic groups by Cardona et al. (2022). They are colour- and size-coded by age, as indicated in the legend. Filled grey points represent the rest of the stars from the CARMENES sample (collectively termed ‘field’). Additional symbols overlaid on the CARMENES stars: magenta asterisks mark known SBs or spectroscopic triples; green asterisks highlight stars belonging to the thin-thick or thick disk based on Galactic kinematics; black ‘X’s and ‘+’s denote stars with debated or provisional periods, respectively.