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Fig. 3

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Modeled synchrotron spectral indices, βsyn, reproducing various observational results of βobs (in different colors) with model A (solid lines), Orlando (2018, dashed lines), and Padovani et al. (2018, dotted lines). Data are the following: 50–100 MHz (red), and 90–190 MHz (blue) using EDGES (Mozdzen et al. 2017, 2019); 45–408 MHz using a set of multiple observations (G11); 971–1075 MHz using MeerKAT (Irfan et al. 2022); 50 and 87 MHz using LEDA (Spinelli et al. 2021).

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