Distribution of the TS values for 10⁵ random realizations shown in black, along with the observed TS value shown as a blue vertical line. In this example, the TS parameter used is AI on the CGRaBS observational optical light curves (see Sect. 3.1.2). The cyan region of the distribution is where random TS values are greater than the observed TS value, whose fraction gives the p-value to reject the null hypothesis (see Equation 1).