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Fig. 1.

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Schematics of plausible red giant magnetic topologies explored in this study. The left panel shows a schematic diagram showing a dipole and quadrupole (quadrudipole) magnetic field where the dipolar field component (solid black line) is inclined at an angle βd from the rotation axis and the quadrupolar component (dashed black line) is inclined at an angle βq from the rotation axis. The purple circle indicates the hydrogen burning shell. The inner light orange area indicates the radiative interior and the pink area indicates the convective envelope (not to scale). The three rightmost panels present the three magnetic field configurations used in our study as described in Sect. 3. Case (a) shows a quadrudipole magnetic field with aligned dipolar and quadrupolar axes, inclined with the rotation axis of an angle β = βd = βq. Case (b) shows an inclined mixed quadrudipole with βd the angle between the rotation axis and the dipolar field, and βq, the angle between the rotation axis and the quadrupolar field. Case (c) shows an offset dipole where the center of the dipole is shifted along the rotation axis by zo from the center of the star. For the three right panels, we have used red and blue shades to indicate the strength of the positive and negative toroidal field component. The black lines with arrows indicate field line directionality of the poloidal component.

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