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Fig. 1

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Total gas kinetic energy Eg,kin in the region between r = 20 au and 30 au and restricted to one gas scale height off the mid-plane as a function of time t after the initialisation of the dust particles at td,init. Differently coloured lines represent simulations of the streaming instability and the vertical shear instability in isolation as well as of the scenarios SIwhileVSI and SIafterVSI, respectively, with the dust size being equal to 3 cm in all simulations. Like the model including only the vertical shear instability, the scenario SIafterVSI as well as the scenario SIwhileVSI at late times are characterised by a comparatively high total energy, with the energy of the vertical motions being substantially higher than that of the radial motions. In comparison, the total energy is less in the model of the streaming instability and in the scenario SIwhileVSI at early times, but largely equally distributed among the radial and vertical velocity components.

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