Cold Jupiters and small planets: Friends, foes, or indifferent? - A search for correlations with the largest exoplanet samples

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Volume 700 (August 2025)

A&A, 700 (2025) A126

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Table E.1

Occurrence rates of cold Jupiters in the small planet transit, radial velocity, and transit+radial velocity samples, without and with the inclusion of mixed systems, as a function of stellar metallicity.

	M_p = 0.3–13 M_Jup			M_p = 0.5–20 M_Jup
[Fe/H]	N_★ \| d	C	f_CJ [%]	N_★ \| d	C	f_CJ [%]
Small planet transit sample
$\bar{[Fe/H]} = - 0.002 \pm 0.006$ $\overline {\left[ {{\rm{Fe/H}}} \right]} = - 0.002 \pm 0.006$	134 \| 12	0.894	${10.0}_{- 2.1}^{+ 3.4}$ $10.0_{ - 2.1}^{ + 3.4}$	134 \| 12	0.938	${9.5}_{- 2.0}^{+ 3.3}$ $9.5_{ - 2.0}^{ + 3.3}$
[Fe/H] < –0.1	36 \| 1	0.910	${3.0}_{- 0.9}^{+ 6.4}$ $3.0_{ - 0.9}^{ + 6.4}$	36 \| 1	0.949	${2.9}_{- 0.9}^{+ 6.1}$ $2.9_{ - 0.9}^{ + 6.1}$
–0.1 ≤ [Fe/H] ≤ + 0.1	56 \| 1	0.884	${2.0}_{- 0.6}^{+ 4.3}$ $2.0_{ - 0.6}^{ + 4.3}$	56 \| 1	0.931	${1.9}_{- 0.9}^{+ 4.1}$ $1.9_{ - 0.9}^{ + 4.1}$
[Fe/H] > + 0.1	42 \| 10	0.889	${26.8}_{- 5.9}^{+ 8.3}$ $26.8_{ - 5.9}^{ + 8.3}$	42 \| 10	0.932	${25.5}_{- 5.6}^{+ 8.0}$ $25.5_{ - 5.6}^{ + 8.0}$
[Fe/H] ≤ 0	62 \| 2	0.900	${3.6}_{- 1.1}^{+ 4.4}$ $3.6_{ - 1.1}^{ + 4.4}$	62 \| 2	0.942	${3.4}_{- 1.1}^{+ 4.2}$ $3.4_{ - 1.1}^{ + 4.2}$
[Fe/H] > 0	72 \| 10	0.886	${15.7}_{- 3.5}^{+ 5.6}$ $15.7_{ - 3.5}^{ + 5.6}$	72 \| 10	0.931	${14.9}_{- 3.3}^{+ 5.4}$ $14.9_{ - 3.3}^{ + 5.4}$
Small planet radial velocity sample
$\bar{[Fe/H]} = - 0.033 \pm 0.008$ $\overline {\left[ {{\rm{Fe/H}}} \right]} = - 0.033 \pm 0.008$	83 \| 15	0.982	${18.4}_{- 3.5}^{+ 5.0}$ $18.4_{ - 3.5}^{ + 5.0}$	83 \| 11	0.992	${13.4}_{- 2.9}^{+ 4.6}$ $13.4_{ - 2.9}^{ + 4.6}$
[Fe/H] < –0.1	28 \| 1	0.985	${3.6}_{- 1.1}^{+ 7.4}$ $3.6_{ - 1.1}^{ + 7.4}$	28 \| 1	0.994	${3.6}_{- 1.1}^{+ 7.4}$ $3.6_{ - 1.1}^{ + 7.4}$
–0.1 ≤ [Fe/H] ≤ + 0.1	30 \| 5	0.979	${17.0}_{- 4.8}^{+ 9.0}$ $17.0_{ - 4.8}^{ + 9.0}$	30 \| 2	0.990	${6.7}_{- 2.2}^{+ 7.7}$ $6.7_{ - 2.2}^{ + 7.7}$
[Fe/H] > + 0.1	25 \| 9	0.982	${36.7}_{- 8.3}^{+ 10.3}$ $36.7_{ - 8.3}^{ + 10.3}$	25 \| 8	0.992	${32.3}_{- 7.7}^{+ 10.4}$ $32.3_{ - 7.7}^{ + 10.4}$
[Fe/H] ≤ 0	40 \| 1	0.981	${2.5}_{- 0.8}^{+ 5.4}$ $2.5_{ - 0.8}^{ + 5.4}$	40 \| 1	0.991	${2.5}_{- 0.8}^{+ 5.3}$ $2.5_{ - 0.8}^{ + 5.3}$
[Fe/H] > 0	43 \| 14	0.983	${31.1}_{- 6.3}^{+ 7.8}$ $31.1_{ - 6.3}^{ + 7.8}$	43 \| 10	0.992	${23.4}_{- 5.2}^{+ 7.6}$ $23.4_{ - 5.2}^{ + 7.6}$
Small planet (transit+radial velocity) sample
$\bar{[Fe/H]} = - 0.011 \pm 0.005$ $\overline {\left[ {{\rm{Fe/H}}} \right]} = - 0.011 \pm 0.005$	217 \| 27	0.928	${13.4}_{- 2.0}^{+ 2.8}$ $13.4_{ - 2.0}^{ + 2.8}$	217 \| 23	0.958	${11.1}_{- 1.8}^{+ 2.5}$ $11.1_{ - 1.8}^{ + 2.5}$
[Fe/H] < –0.1	64 \| 2	0.943	${3.3}_{- 1.1}^{+ 4.1}$ $3.3_{ - 1.1}^{ + 4.1}$	64 \| 2	0.969	${3.2}_{- 1.0}^{+ 4.0}$ $3.2_{ - 1.0}^{ + 4.0}$
–0.1 ≤ [Fe/H] ≤ + 0.1	86 \| 6	0.918	${7.6}_{- 2.0}^{+ 4.1}$ $7.6_{ - 2.0}^{ + 4.1}$	86 \| 3	0.952	${3.7}_{- 1.1}^{+ 3.3}$ $3.7_{ - 1.1}^{ + 3.3}$
[Fe/H] > + 0.1	67 \| 19	0.923	${30.7}_{- 5.2}^{+ 6.4}$ $30.7_{ - 5.2}^{ + 6.4}$	67 \| 18	0.954	${28.2}_{- 4.9}^{+ 6.2}$ $28.2_{ - 4.9}^{ + 6.2}$
[Fe/H] ≤ 0	102 \| 3	0.932	${3.2}_{- 1.0}^{+ 2.9}$ $3.2_{ - 1.0}^{ + 2.9}$	102 \| 3	0.961	${3.1}_{- 0.9}^{+ 2.8}$ $3.1_{ - 0.9}^{ + 2.8}$
[Fe/H] > 0	115 \| 24	0.923	${22.6}_{- 3.5}^{+ 4.5}$ $22.6_{ - 3.5}^{ + 4.5}$	115 \| 20	0.954	${18.2}_{- 3.1}^{+ 4.2}$ $18.2_{ - 3.1}^{ + 4.2}$
Small planet and mixed transit sample
$\bar{[Fe/H]} = - 0.022 \pm 0.006$ $\overline {\left[ {{\rm{Fe/H}}} \right]} = - 0.022 \pm 0.006$	151 \| 16	0.891	${11.9}_{- 2.2}^{+ 3.4}$ $11.9_{ - 2.2}^{ + 3.4}$	151 \| 16	0.935	${11.3}_{- 2.1}^{+ 3.2}$ $11.3_{ - 2.1}^{ + 3.2}$
[Fe/H] < –0.1	36 \| 1	0.910	${3.0}_{- 0.9}^{+ 6.4}$ $3.0_{ - 0.9}^{ + 6.4}$	36 \| 1	0.949	${2.9}_{- 0.9}^{+ 6.1}$ $2.9_{ - 0.9}^{ + 6.1}$
–0.1 ≤ [Fe/H] ≤ + 0.1	63 \| 1	0.881	${1.8}_{- 0.5}^{+ 3.9}$ $1.8_{ - 0.5}^{ + 3.9}$	63 \| 1	0.929	${1.7}_{- 0.5}^{+ 3.7}$ $1.7_{ - 0.5}^{ + 3.7}$
[Fe/H] > + 0.1	52 \| 14	0.883	${30.5}_{- 5.8}^{+ 7.5}$ $30.5_{ - 5.8}^{ + 7.5}$	52 \| 14	0.928	${29.0}_{- 5.6}^{+ 7.2}$ $29.0_{ - 5.6}^{ + 7.2}$
[Fe/H] ≤ 0	64 \| 2	0.899	${3.5}_{- 1.1}^{+ 4.2}$ $3.5_{ - 1.1}^{ + 4.2}$	64 \| 2	0.942	${3.3}_{- 1.1}^{+ 4.1}$ $3.3_{ - 1.1}^{ + 4.1}$
[Fe/H] > 0	87 \| 14	0.881	${18.3}_{- 3.6}^{+ 5.2}$ $18.3_{ - 3.6}^{ + 5.2}$	87 \| 14	0.927	${17.4}_{- 3.4}^{+ 5.0}$ $17.4_{ - 3.4}^{ + 5.0}$
Small planet and mixed radial velocity sample
$\bar{[Fe/H]} = - 0.018 \pm 0.007$ $\overline {\left[ {{\rm{Fe/H}}} \right]} = - 0.018 \pm 0.007$	91 \| 17	0.983	${19.0}_{- 3.4}^{+ 4.8}$ $19.0_{ - 3.4}^{ + 4.8}$	91 \| 13	0.992	${14.4}_{- 2.9}^{+ 4.5}$ $14.4_{ - 2.9}^{ + 4.5}$
[Fe/H] < – 0.1	29 \| 1	0.985	${3.5}_{- 1.1}^{+ 7.2}$ $3.5_{ - 1.1}^{ + 7.2}$	29 \| 1	0.993	${3.5}_{- 1.1}^{+ 7.2}$ $3.5_{ - 1.1}^{ + 7.2}$
–0.1 ≤ [Fe/H] ≤ + 0.1	34 \| 6	0.979	${18.0}_{- 4.8}^{+ 8.4}$ $18.0_{ - 4.8}^{ + 8.4}$	34 \| 3	0.990	${8.9}_{- 1.1}^{+ 7.4}$ $8.9_{ - 1.1}^{ + 7.4}$
[Fe/H] > + 0.1	28 \| 10	0.983	${36.3}_{- 7.9}^{+ 9.8}$ $36.3_{ - 7.9}^{ + 9.8}$	28 \| 9	0.993	${32.4}_{- 7.4}^{+ 9.8}$ $32.4_{ - 7.4}^{ + 9.8}$
[Fe/H] ≤ 0	41 \| 1	0.981	${2.5}_{- 0.8}^{+ 5.3}$ $2.5_{ - 0.8}^{ + 5.3}$	41 \| 1	0.991	${2.5}_{- 0.7}^{+ 5.2}$ $2.5_{ - 0.7}^{ + 5.2}$
[Fe/H] > 0	50 \| 16	0.983	${32.5}_{- 5.9}^{+ 7.2}$ $32.5_{ - 5.9}^{ + 7.2}$	50 \| 12	0.993	${24.2}_{- 5.0}^{+ 7.0}$ $24.2_{ - 5.0}^{ + 7.0}$
Small planet and mixed (transit+radial velocity) sample
$\bar{[Fe/H]} = - 0.007 \pm 0.004$ $\overline {\left[ {{\rm{Fe/H}}} \right]} = - 0.007 \pm 0.004$	242 \| 33	0.926	${14.7}_{- 2.1}^{+ 2.7}$ $14.7_{ - 2.1}^{ + 2.7}$	242 \| 29	0.957	${12.5}_{- 1.8}^{+ 2.5}$ $12.5_{ - 1.8}^{ + 2.5}$
[Fe/H] < – 0.1	65 \| 2	0.944	${3.3}_{- 1.0}^{+ 4.0}$ $3.3_{ - 1.0}^{ + 4.0}$	65 \| 2	0.969	${3.2}_{- 1.0}^{+ 3.9}$ $3.2_{ - 1.0}^{ + 3.9}$
–0.1 ≤ [Fe/H] ≤ + 0.1	97 \| 7	0.915	${7.9}_{- 2.0}^{+ 3.8}$ $7.9_{ - 2.0}^{ + 3.8}$	97 \| 4	0.950	${4.3}_{- 1.3}^{+ 3.2}$ $4.3_{ - 1.3}^{ + 3.2}$
[Fe/H] > + 0.1	80 \| 24	0.918	${32.7}_{- 4.9}^{+ 5.8}$ $32.7_{ - 4.9}^{ + 5.8}$	80 \| 23	0.951	${30.2}_{- 4.7}^{+ 5.7}$ $30.2_{ - 4.7}^{ + 5.7}$
[Fe/H] ≤ 0	105 \| 3	0.931	${31.1}_{- 0.9}^{+ 2.8}$ $31.1_{ - 0.9}^{ + 2.8}$	105 \| 3	0.961	${30.1}_{- 0.9}^{+ 2.7}$ $30.1_{ - 0.9}^{ + 2.7}$
[Fe/H] > 0	137 \| 30	0.918	${23.8}_{- 3.4}^{+ 4.2}$ $23.8_{ - 3.4}^{ + 4.2}$	137 \| 26	0.951	${20.0}_{- 3.0}^{+ 3.9}$ $20.0_{ - 3.0}^{ + 3.9}$

Notes. Same columns as Table D.1.

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