PRODIGE – envelope to disk with NOEMA - VI. The missing sulfur problem

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Table 2

Column densities and H₂S/OCS ratios in Perseus.

Protostar	Class	T_bol	T_kin	N(OCS)	N(H₂S)	H₂S / OCS
		(K)	(K)	(cm^–2)	(cm^–2)
B1bN	0	14.7	100.0	0.0	(1.54±1.31) × 10^{15 (b)}	–
B1bS	0	17.7	100.0	(2.88±1.12) × 10^{15 (a)}	(2.65±0.08) × 10^{16 (b)}	${9.21}_{- 2.79}^{+ 4.33}$ $9.21_{ - 2.79}^{ + 4.33}$
B5-IRS1	I	287.0	287.0	<7.15 × 10¹³	(5.04±1.26) × 10¹⁴	>7.04
HH211MMS	0	27.0	100.0	(1.60±0.87) × 10^{15 (a)}	(2.10±0.17) × 10¹⁴	${0.132}_{- 0.053}^{+ 0.125}$ $0.132_{ - 0.053}^{ + 0.125}$
IC348MMS	0	30.0	100.0	(1.97±0.30) × 10^{15 (a)}	(2.94±0.01) × 10^16(b)	${14.9}_{- 2.0}^{+ 1.9}$ $14.9_{ - 2.0}^{ + 1.9}$
IRAS2A	0/I	69.0	100.0	(1.85±1.16) × 10^{16 (a)}	>5.69 × 10^{16 (b)(c)}	>3.08
IRAS2B	I	106.0	106.0	(1.06±0.21) × 10¹⁴	(1.03±0.15) × 10¹⁴	${0.973}_{- 0.283}^{+ 0.333}$ $0.973_{ - 0.283}^{ + 0.333}$
IRAS4B	0	28.0	100.0	(1.44±0.39) × 10^{16 (a)}	(2.06±0.01) × 10^{17 (b)}	${14.3}_{- 3.1}^{+ 3.6}$ $14.3_{ - 3.1}^{ + 3.6}$
IRAS4C	0	31.0	100.0	(3.89±1.38) × 10¹³	(1.15±0.13) × 10¹⁴	${2.97}_{- 1.02}^{+ 1.53}$ $2.97_{ - 1.02}^{ + 1.53}$
L1448-IRS3A	0	47.0	100.0	(2.17±1.16) × 10^{15 (a)}	(2.18±0.46) × 10¹⁴	${0.101}_{- 0.049}^{+ 0.115}$ $0.101_{ - 0.049}^{ + 0.115}$
L1448-IRS3B	0	57.0	100.0	(1.61±0.76) × 10^{15 (a)}	(2.71±0.12) × 10¹⁴	${0.168}_{- 0.059}^{+ 0.112}$ $0.168_{ - 0.059}^{ + 0.112}$
L1448C	0	47.0	100.0	(3.82±3.69) × 10^{15 (a)}	(1.31±0.03) × 10¹⁵	${0.34}_{- 0.17}^{+ 6.44}$ $0.34_{ - 0.17}^{ + 6.44}$
L1448NW	0	22.0	100.0	<3.43 × 10¹³	(9.61±2.63) × 10¹³	>2.81
Per-emb-2	0	27.0	100.0	(2.79±1.11) × 10¹³	(3.00±0.15) × 10¹⁴	${10.8}_{- 3.4}^{+ 5.5}$ $10.8_{ - 3.4}^{ + 5.5}$
Per-emb-5	0	32.0	100.0	(1.91±0.58) ×10^{15 (a)}	(1.48±0.11) × 10¹⁴	${0.078}_{- 0.022}^{+ 0.030}$ $0.078_{ - 0.022}^{ + 0.030}$
Per-emb-8	0	43.0	100.0	<2.92 × 10¹³	(1.16±0.30) × 10¹⁴	>3.98
Per-emb-18	0	59.0	100.0	(3.65±0.55) × 10^{15 (a)}	(2.77±0.13) × 10¹⁴	${0.076}_{- 0.013}^{+ 0.013}$ $0.076_{ - 0.013}^{ + 0.013}$
Per-emb-22	0	43.0	100.0	(2.37±0.15) × 10¹⁴	(3.79±0.13) × 10¹⁴	${1.60}_{- 0.15}^{+ 0.13}$ $1.60_{ - 0.15}^{ + 0.13}$
Per-emb-29	0	48.0	100.0	(4.51±2.03) × 10^{15 (a)}	(5.36±0.09) × 10^{16 (b)}	${11.9}_{- 3.8}^{+ 6.8}$ $11.9_{ - 3.8}^{ + 6.8}$
Per-emb-30	0/I	78.0	100.0	0.0	0.0	–
Per-emb-50	I	128.0	128.0	0.0	0.0	–
Per-emb-62	I	378.0	378.0	0.0	0.0	–
SVS13A	0/I	188.0	188.0	(4.33±2.70) × 10^{16 (a)}	>1.48 × 10^{17 (b)(c)}	>3.42
SVS13B	0	20.0	100.0	(1.39±0.64) × 10^{15 (a)}	(2.68±0.19) × 10¹⁴	${0.19}_{- 0.07}^{+ 0.13}$ $0.19_{ - 0.07}^{ + 0.13}$

Notes. ^(a) Estimated using the OC³⁴ S isotopologue column density. ^(b) Estimated using the $H_{2}^{33} S$ ${\rm{H}}_2^{33}{\rm{S}}$ isotopologue column density. ^(c) The broad CH₃CHO line (see Appendix A) complicates the fit of the $H_{2}^{33} S$ ${\rm{H}}_2^{33}{\rm{S}}$ lines, but a lower limit could be estimated.

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