Galaxy morphologies at cosmic noon with JWST: A foundation for exploring gas transport with bars and spiral arms

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Volume 700 (August 2025)

A&A, 700 (2025) A42

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Table 2.

Classification results overview.

Type	f definition	Total			0.8 < z < 1.3			2.0 < z < 2.5

				N	f(%)		N	f(%)		N	f(%)
Total	N_total/N_total	1451	100		811	100		640	100
Disk-like	N_disk/N_total	1186	82 ± 3		727	90 ± 3		459	72 ± 5
Compact/Sph	N_c, s/N_total	24	2 ± 1		17	2 ± 2		7	1 ± 1
Int/Merger	N_i, m/N_total	139	10 ± 2		48	6 ± 2		91	14 ± 4
Undefined	N_undefined/N_total	22	2 ± 1		11	1 ± 1		11	2 ± 2
+ Lens systems	N_lens/N_total	3	< 1 ± 0		1	1 ± 0		2	< 1 ± 1
+ Companion	N_{+ companion}/N_total	67	5 ± 2		32	4 ± 2		35	6 ± 3
No 4/6 agreement	N_{no − agree}/N_total	80	6 ± 2		8	1 ± 1		72	11 ± 4

Spirals	N_spiral/N_total	574	40 ± 4		444	55 ± 5		130	20 ± 5
Bars	N_bar/N_total	43	3 ± 1		42	5 ± 2		1	< 1 ± 0
Bulges	N_bulge/N_total	703	48 ± 4		495	61 ± 5		208	33 ± 6
Spirals	N_spiral/N_disk	574	48 ± 4		444	61 ± 5		130	28 ± 6
Bars	N_bar/N_disk	43	4 ± 2		42	6 ± 3		1	< 1 ± 1
Bars (isophotal fitting)	$N_{bar}^{(a)} / N_{disk}^{(b)}$ $N_{\mathrm{bar}}^{(a)}/N_{\mathrm{disk}}^{(b)}$	84	11 ± 3		74	16 ± 5		10	3 ± 3
Bulges	N_bulge/N_disk	703	59 ± 4		495	68 ± 5		208	45 ± 7
Clumpy	N_clumpy/N_disk	140	12 ± 3		81	11 ± 4		59	13 ± 5
Edge-on	N_{edge − on}/N_disk	167	14 ± 3		113	16 ± 4		54	12 ± 5

Two-arm spirals	$N_{2, arm} / N_{spiral}^{(c)}$ $N_{\mathrm{2,arm}}/N_{\mathrm{spiral}}^{(c)}$	208	61 ± 8		156	60 ± 9		52	64 ± 16
Three-arm spirals	$N_{3, arm} / N_{spiral}^{(c)}$ $N_{\mathrm{3,arm}}/N_{\mathrm{spiral}}^{(c)}$	104	30 ± 7		79	30 ± 9		25	31 ± 15
Four-arm spirals	$N_{4, arm} / N_{spiral}^{(c)}$ $N_{\mathrm{4,arm}}/N_{\mathrm{spiral}}^{(c)}$	18	5 ± 4		15	6 ± 4		8	4 ± 6

Notes. All the fractions above are based on our 4/6 expert vote threshold. We show the main morphological categories with their distribution (in percentage) across redshift bins and corresponding 3σ standard errors. The top rows list total fractions normalized by the full sample, while the middle section details subcategories among disk galaxies. The bottom rows present the distribution of spiral arm counts. aThese values correspond to the classification using isophotal fitting on a larger candidate sample, selected with a 2/6 voting threshold and further assessed as detailed in Sect. 3.2. bThese values correspond to those with an ellipticity threshold of e < 0.5. cN_spiral in the bottom rows corresponds to the number of galaxies for which a 4/6 agreement was reached (341 galaxies).

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