Simulated solar cycle reconstruction versus observations. The violet curve represents the total yearly averaged unsigned sunspot flux from solar cycle 16 to 24, derived from the USAF/RGO/NOAA database. The orange curve indicates the total unsigned flux simulated using the dynamo model (refer A.2), driven by the poloidal field generated by the SPhoTraM model. A Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.93, calculated with a 99% confidence level, highlights the strong agreement between the observed and simulated flux strengths at cycle maxima.