(a) Roche limit, R_R, normalized by the stellar radius, R_⋆ (see Appendix A), R_★, as a function of planetary bulk density, ρ_p, for main-sequence stars of different spectral types (O–M). The coloured bands represent the density ranges of a three-layer Jupiter-like planet model, with black circles marking the Roche limit for each layer used in this work. (b) Surface density profiles, Σ(r), of the disrupted atmosphere (green), envelope (cyan), and core (dark blue), scaled to R_★; the core’s location in the simulations is highlighted in dark blue.