Open Access

Table 3.

Average validation and test-set classification evaluation metrics for LightGBM, CatBoost, and XGBoost with hyperparameter optimization.

Validation Test


Model F1 Acc Prec Rec F1 Acc Prec Rec
LightGBM 0.875 ± 0.012 0.876 ± 0.013 0.888 ± 0.024 0.862 ± 0.006 0.870 ± 0.012 0.872 ± 0.012 0.889 ± 0.015 0.851 ± 0.011
XGBoost 0.871 ± 0.011 0.873 ± 0.013 0.886 ± 0.024 0.858 ± 0.005 0.866 ± 0.011 0.869 ± 0.011 0.885 ± 0.014 0.845 ± 0.011
CatBoost 0.866 ± 0.015 0.868 ± 0.013 0.878 ± 0.015 0.856 ± 0.030 0.863 ± 0.012 0.866 ± 0.010 0.882 ± 0.008 0.845 ± 0.022

Notes. The standard deviation of each metric is also included.

Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.

Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.

Initial download of the metrics may take a while.