Fig. 4.
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Limit orbital speed (vlim) as a function of mass for a star that is about to experience complete collapse in a binary system. The limit orbital speed determines the minimum relative orbital speed a star in a binary must have in order to merge within the age of the Universe (black lines). For a given binary system, a natal kick
will lead to a retrograde orbit (blue lines) and a natal kick above
will disrupt the binary (red lines). The characteristic speed depends on the mass ratio (q := M2/M1), which I consider to be either q = 0.1 (dashed lines) or q = 1 (solid lines).
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