GaiaPMEX confidence map of the mass and sma of a companion around GJ 832 constrained by the ruwe. The darkest area delineated with a black solid line spans the 68.3% confidence region. The gradually lighter purple areas delineated with black dashed and dotted lines, respectively, span the 95.4 and 99.7% confidence regions. This example is described in detail in Paper I. The thick dark lines show the mass–sma relationship of Eq. (6). The yellow circle shows the M sin i and sma of the known Jupiter-like planet in this system (Philipot et al. 2023).