Upper panel: Velocity–delay map of NGC 5548 constructed from FRADO model with inclination angle i = 40°. Color coding represents the number density of BLR clouds in each velocity-delay bin. The white dashed line shows the virial envelope corresponding to Keplerian disk-like rotation for v² × τ = constant with M_BH = 5 × 10⁷ M_⊙. Bottom panel: BLR response function generated using the cloud positions from the model shown in Figure 1, assuming an inclination angle of i = 40°.