Performance comparison across different models. Upper panel: Comparison between low- and high-velocity-cut models’ performance. The plot shows different R² values for each combination of the three features considered: mass column density, number column density, and mean line-of-sight velocity (indicated as “mass”, “num”, and “vel” respectively). Best results are obtained for the low velocity cut (due to less contamination) and for data containing the mass. Lower panel: Comparison between models including or excluding the central halo. Both analyses are performed for the low-velocity-cut data. Without the central halo, performance drops significantly across models; all models without it predict the turnaround with a similar score.