A fast machine learning tool to predict the composition of interstellar ices from infrared absorption spectra

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Volume 702 (October 2025)

A&A, 702 (2025) A87

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Table 2

Comparison between the AICE predictions with the results of McClure et al. (2023) and Dartois et al. (2024) for NIR38 and J110621.

		NIR38		J110621

Prediction	AICE (this work)	McClure et al. (2023)	Dartois et al. (2024)	McClure et al. (2023)	AICE (this work)
H₂O (%)	56 ± 3	$53_{- 5}^{+ 6}$ $\[53_{-5}^{+6}\]$	52	$63_{- 4}^{+ 3}$ $\[63_{-4}^{+3}\]$	59 ± 3
CO (%)	15 ± 3	$23_{- 4}^{+ 3}$ $\[23_{-4}^{+3}\]$	30	$18_{- 2}^{+ 3}$ $\[18_{-2}^{+3}\]$	16 ± 4
CO₂ (%)	8.4 ± 1.7	${10.4}_{- 1.7}^{+ 1.8}$ $\[10.4_{-1.7}^{+1.8}\]$	13	${8.3}_{- 1.1}^{+ 1.2}$ $\[8.3_{-1.1}^{+1.2}\]$	5.8 ± 1.0
CH₃OH (%)	4.2 ± 1.7	${4.6}_{- 0.9}^{+ 1.0}$ $\[4.6_{-0.9}^{+1.0}\]$	2.6	${2.4}_{- 0.5}^{+ 0.9}$ $\[2.4_{-0.5}^{+0.9}\]$	3.4 ± 1.5
NH₃ (%)	1.6 ± 1.1	${2.4}_{- 0.4}^{+ 1.5}$ $\[2.4_{-0.4}^{+1.5}\]$	1.6	${3.2}_{- 0.4}^{+ 0.7}$ $\[3.2_{-0.4}^{+0.7}\]$	1.5 ± 1.1
CH₄ (%)	2.3 ± 0.8	${1.38}_{- 0.18}^{+ 0.20}$ $\[1.38_{-0.18}^{+0.20}\]$	0.52	${1.16}_{- 0.13}^{+ 0.13}$ $\[1.16_{-0.13}^{+0.13}\]$	2.1 ± 1.0
Temperature (K)	23 ± 4	$11_{- 1}^{+ 2}$ $\[11_{-1}^{+2}\]$	10	$11_{- 1}^{+ 2}$ $\[11_{-1}^{+2}\]$	19.0 ± 2.0
CO / H₂O (%)	27 ± 6	$44_{- 7}^{+ 9}$ $\[44_{-7}^{+9}\]$	57	$29_{- 4}^{+ 5}$ $\[29_{-4}^{+5}\]$	27 ± 7
CO₂ / H₂O (%)	15 ± 3	19 ± 4	25	${13.3}_{- 1.9}^{+ 2.0}$ $\[13.3_{-1.9}^{+2.0}\]$	9.8 ± 1.8
CH₃OH / H₂O (%)	8 ± 3	${8.7}_{- 1.9}^{+ 2.2}$ $\[8.7_{-1.9}^{+2.2}\]$	5	${3.8}_{- 0.8}^{+ 1.4}$ $\[3.8_{-0.8}^{+1.4}\]$	5.8 ± 2.5
NH₃ / H₂O (%)	2.9 ± 2.0	$5_{- 1}^{+ 3}$ $\[5_{-1}^{+3}\]$	3	${5.1}_{- 0.7}^{+ 1.1}$ $\[5.1_{-0.7}^{+1.1}\]$	2.5 ± 1.9
CH₄ / H₂O (%)	4.1 ± 1.5	${2.6}_{- 0.4}^{+ 0.5}$ $\[2.6_{-0.4}^{+0.5}\]$	1	${1.85}_{- 0.22}^{+ 0.24}$ $\[1.85_{-0.22}^{+0.24}\]$	3.6 ± 1.7

Notes. Individual molecular fractions are given with respect to the total quantity of all the predicted species; in the case of the two other works, we calculated these fractions with the data available in the corresponding papers. For the temperature, McClure et al. (2023) do not present a unique temperature, but several possible ones ranging from 10 to 16 K; consequently, we adopted the value of $11_{- 1}^{+ 2}$ $\[11_{-1}^{+2}\]$ K as an estimate of a representative temperature. The estimates by Dartois et al. (2024) are the same for both background stars (i.e. the one of the laboratory spectrum used in their radiative transfer calculations), and thus these values are placed at the centre of the table. The fractions with respect to water are derived from the direct results of AICE and those reported by the cited authors, using the Python library RichValues (see Appendix F for more details).

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