Cosmology with supernova Encore in the strong lensing cluster MACS J0138−2155 - Photometry, cluster members, and lens mass model

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Volume 702 (October 2025)

A&A, 702 (2025) A157

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Table 6.

Predicted image positions and magnifications of SN Encore and SN Requiem from the ultimate lens mass model.

Image	x coordinate [″]	y coordinate [″]	Magnification
SN Encore predictions

1a	$8.40 \pm 0.04$ $\phantom{-}8.40\pm0.04$	−16.07 ± 0.01	$- 28 . 0_{- 3.7}^{+ 2.5}$ $-28.0^{+2.5}_{-3.7}$
1b	$0.23 \pm 0.04$ $\phantom{-}0.23\pm{0.04}$	−17.86 ± 0.01	$40 . 0_{- 6.3}^{+ 7.6}$ $\phantom{-}40.0^{+7.6}_{-6.3}$
1c*	$19.43 \pm 0.03$ $\phantom{-}19.43\pm{0.03}$	−2.62 ± 0.13	$12 . 1_{- 0.9}^{+ 1.0}$ $\phantom{-}12.1^{+1.0}_{-0.9}$
1d*	$- 6 . 18_{- 0.09}^{+ 0.10}$ $-6.18^{+0.10}_{-0.09}$	$7.63 \pm 0.09$ $\phantom{-}7.63\pm{0.09}$	$- 2 . 3_{- 0.4}^{+ 0.3}$ $-2.3^{+0.3}_{-0.4}$
1e*^†	$- 0 . 88_{- 0.50}^{+ 0.19}$ $-0.88^{+0.19}_{-0.50}$	$1 . 23_{- 0.27}^{+ 0.70}$ $\phantom{-}1.23^{+0.70}_{-0.27}$	$2 . 8_{- 1.3}^{+ 4.3}$ $2.8^{+4.3}_{-1.3}$

SN Requiem predictions

2a	11.30 ± 0.07	−15.50 ± 0.04	$- 39 . 8_{- 6.5}^{+ 5.4}$ $-39.8^{+5.4}_{-6.5}$
2b	$1 . 99_{- 0.07}^{+ 0.08}$ $1.99^{+0.08}_{-0.07}$	−18.61 ± 0.02	$24 . 3_{- 2.2}^{+ 2.9}$ $\phantom{-}24.3^{+2.9}_{-2.2}$
2c	18.84 ± 0.03	−6.65 ± 0.07	$15 . 7_{- 1.5}^{+ 1.9}$ $\phantom{-}15.7^{+1.9}_{-1.5}$
2d*	$- 4 . 17_{- 0.21}^{+ 0.22}$ $-4.17^{+0.22}_{-0.21}$	$5 . 64_{- 0.30}^{+ 0.29}$ $5.64^{+0.29}_{-0.30}$	$- 2 . 2_{- 0.5}^{+ 0.4}$ $-2.2^{+0.4}_{-0.5}$
2e*^†	$- 1 . 63_{- 0.03}^{+ 0.20}$ $-1.63^{+0.20}_{-0.03}$	$2 . 41_{- 0.32}^{+ 0.14}$ $2.41^{+0.14}_{-0.32}$	$1 . 6_{- 1.2}^{+ 0.8}$ $1.6^{+0.8}_{-1.2}$

Notes. The coordinates are relative to the BCG that is centred at (x_BCG, y_BCG) = (0, 0). Lensed images marked by an asterisk (*) are model predictions that have not yet been clearly detected, either due to their faintness (image 1c) or due to their long time delays (images 1d, 1e, 2d, and 2e), and are therefore not included in the model as constraints (see Table 4). Lensed images marked by a cross (^†) are not predicted by all the models in the MCMC chain. Image 1e is predicted by 35% of the models in the chain and Image 2e by only 3% of the models in the chain; all the other images are predicted by all the models in the chain.

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