Ratio of subhalo (dashed lines) and halo (solid lines) abundances for the NB (green) and FCT (orange) models relative to the CDM baseline, shown as a function of mass. The blue horizontal line marks perfect agreement with CDM. Each curve combines results from simulations with different box sizes (see text for details). A clear excess near 10⁸ M_⊙ in both NB and FCT models suggests a potentially detectable signal via strong lensing. The grey vertical line indicates the resolution threshold. Notably, subhaloes show larger deviations than haloes, which may enhance detectability in lensing analyses.