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Fig. 9.

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Mean variance of the δ distribution measured in five radial bins normalised by the virial radius, rvir, for each model. The FCT model shows the largest variance, especially near rvir, highlighting the effect of PBH-induced substructures. We also explore the separate contributions of haloes with Mh > 109M (potentially luminous) and those with Mh < 109M (dark subhaloes). The larger signal from the luminous component suggests that observational detection through radial luminosity fluctuation profiles may be a promising method to constrain PBH scenarios.

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