Comparison of synthetic spectra from the four 3D simulation models (colored lines) with in-transit observations of WASP-52 b from Keck/NIRSPEC (dark gray; Kirk et al. 2022). Synthetic spectra are convolved to match the instrument resolution (R = 25 000). Light gray dotted lines mark the nominal wavelengths of the He I 10 833 Å triplet; solid lines indicate the line core used for equivalent width (EW) integration. Simulations are scaled to approximately match the observed line width and line core EW. The top panel shows the results for the ISO model with varying hydrodynamic escape parameter λ_p: low values (hot winds) produce broader lines, while high values (cool winds) yield lines that are too narrow. An intermediate value (λ_p = 5) was adopted for all models. The bottom panel shows spectra from all four models of this study using λ_p = 5.