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Fig. 3.

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Quiescent galaxy number densities for M >  1010 M from our sample (red points). Upper panel: Comparison to other observational studies, Carnall et al. (2023a), green points, a spectroscopically corrected sample, Baker et al. (2025a), orange points, a spectroscopic sample, Nanayakkara et al. (2025), light green point, and the Weibel et al. (2025) single galaxy point. Middle panel: Comparison to five cosmological hydrodynamical simulations, EAGLE, ILLUSTRIS-TNG100, SIMBA, FLAMINGO, and MAGNETICUM (Lagos et al. 2025; Baker et al. 2025a; Remus & Kimmig 2025) and two SAMs, SHARK and GALFORM. Bottom panel: Four cosmological hydrodynamical simulations and two SAMs, but with Gaussian scatter included in the stellar masses and star-formation rates. We see that simulations struggle to reproduce the observed number densities at most redshifts.

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