Comparison between our observed stellar mass function (solid lines) at z = 2 − 2.5 (upper panel) z = 2.5 − 3 (upper middle panel), z = 3 − 3.5 (lower middle panel) and z = 4 − 5 (lower panel), alongside six cosmological simulations denoted by dashed lines (left hand panels, Lagos et al. 2025). The right hand panel shows the same, but with Gaussian scatter added to the stellar masses and SFRs for the six simulations. We see that the simulations cannot accurately reproduce the observed SMFs.