Fig. 14.
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Illustration of the current state of the “Hubble tension” in flat ΛCDM. Only a selection of recent measurements is shown for the early- and late-Universe probes, in order to avoid overcrowding the plot (for an exhaustive list, see Di Valentino et al. 2025). Among the early-Universe probes, we show measurements from the CMB (Planck and ACT-DR6; Planck Collaboration VI 2020; Louis et al. 2025), and baryonic acoustic oscillations (BAO) plus Big Bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) (DESI-Collaboration 2025). Among the late-Universe probes, we show the Cepheid+SN measurement from the SH0ES team (Breuval et al. 2024), the tip of the red giant branch (TRGB) plus SN measurement from the CCHP team (Freedman et al. 2025), the TRGB plus surface brightness fluctuation (SBF) measurement by Jensen et al. (2025), along with the TDCOSMO-2025 and TDCOSMO-2025+SLACS+SL2S time-delay cosmography measurements in combination with the Pantheon+ likelihood (Scolnic et al. 2022); Brout:2022.
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