Horizon-scale variability of M87* from 2017–2021 EHT observations

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Volume 704 (December 2025)

A&A, 704 (2025) A91

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Table 1.

Overview of the imaging methods.

Method	Image	Data Products			Selfcal	Ext.	Stokes	Gain	D-term	Notes

	model	ℐ	*𝒬,𝒰*	𝒱		structure	condition	ratio	estimation
CLEAN

`LPCAL`	CLEAN	RR^* + LL^*	RL^, LR^		Stokes	Renorm.	None	1	Stokes	CLEAN
`Difmap`	components				ℐ	intrasites^†			ℐ

`GPCAL`	CLEAN	RR^* + LL^*	RL^, LR^		Stokes	Renorm.	None	1	Stokes	CLEAN
`Difmap`	components				ℐ	intrasites^†			ℐ

RML

`ehtim`	Pixels	CPh, LCA, \|V\|	$\tilde{P}, m$ $\tilde{\mathcal{P}},m$	$\tilde{V}$ $\tilde{\mathcal{V}}$	Stokes	Fix ZBL flux	𝒬² + 𝒰² + 𝒱²	1	Iter-	EHTC (2019d)
					ℐ	by modelling	≤ℐ²		atively	reg. weights

`MOEA/D`	Pixels	CPh, LCA	$\tilde{P}$ $\tilde{\mathcal{P}}$	$\tilde{V}$ $\tilde{\mathcal{V}}$	Stokes	Fix ZBL flux	𝒬² + 𝒰² + 𝒱²	1	Iter-	Computes
					ℐ	by modelling	≤ℐ²		atively	Pareto front

`DoG-HIT`	Wavelets	CPh, LCA	$\tilde{P}$ $\tilde{\mathcal{P}}$	$\tilde{V}$ $\tilde{\mathcal{V}}$	Stokes	Fix ZBL flux	Same	1	Iter-	Compressive
					ℐ	from amp.	support		atively	sensing

Bayesian

`Comrade`	Fixed	RR^, RL^, LR^, LL^	Simul-	Flags	𝒬² + 𝒰² + 𝒱²	Any	Simul-	Estimates
	splined raster				taneous	intrasites^†	≤ℐ²		taneous	posterior

THEMIS	Adaptive	RR^, RL^, LR^, LL^	Simul-	Asymmetric	𝒬² + 𝒰² + 𝒱²	1	Simul-	Estimates
	splined raster				taneous	Gaussian	≤ℐ²		taneous	posterior

Notes. ^†: Intra-sites are defined as the ALMA-APEX, JCMT-SMA, and KP-SMT baselines. ZBL: zero baseline.

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