Disk fraction among free-floating planetary-mass objects in Upper Scorpius

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Table 2

Disk fractions from this work and the literature in various regions.

References	Disk fraction (%)	SpT range	Mass range^a (M_Jup)	Region	Age^b (Myr)	N_objects ^d	Method
This work	37.5 ± 6.2	–	6–11.8	Upper Sco	5	32	W1–W2 vs Mass
	${37.5}_{- 6.2}^{+ 3.1}$ $37.5_{ - 6.2}^{ + 3.1}$	–	11.8–16.8		5	32
	34.2 ± 0.0	–	16.8–25		5	38
	${38.5}_{- 7.7}^{+ 7.7}$ $38.5_{ - 7.7}^{ + 7.7}$	–	8–13.7		10	24
	${25.9}_{- 0.0}^{+ 7.4}$ $25.9_{ - 0.0}^{ + 7.4}$	–	13.7–15.5		10	27
	32.1 ± 3.6	–	15.5–25		10	28

Luhman & Esplin (2020)	$23_{- 3}^{+ 4}$ $23_{ - 3}^{ + 4}$	M8–L2	10.5–36.7	Upper Sco	10	27/115	K_s –I2/W2 vs SpT
Luhman (2025)	26	M6.25–M9.5	14.8–97.8	Upper Sco	10	52/200	W1–W2 vs SpT
Luhman et al. (2016)	52 ± 10	M8–L0	10.6–23	NGC 1333	3	11/21	Literature (Spitzer)
Scholz et al. (2023)	$42_{- 16}^{+ 18}$ $42_{ - 16}^{ + 18}$	M9–L3	5.9–12.0	NGC 1333	2	5/12	K–I2 vs SpT
Esplin & Luhman (2019)	$41_{- 7}^{+ 8}$ $41_{ - 7}^{ + 8}$	M8–L0	14.2–23.7	Taurus	3	15/37	K_s –I2/W2 vs SpT
Damian et al. (2023)	80 ± 55 ^c	–	10.5–32.5	σ Orionis	2–3	5/6	K_s–W2 slope
Luhman et al. (2016)	$42_{- 9}^{+ 11}$ $42_{ - 9}^{ + 11}$	M8–L0	10.6–23	IC 348	3	10/24	Literature (Spitzer)
Seo & Scholz (2025)	$46_{- 12}^{+ 13}$ $46_{ - 12}^{ + 13}$	M9–L1	9.3–13.2	IC 348	3	6/13	K–IRAC2 vs SpT + SED modeling

Notes. ^a Mass range when not explicitly given in the referenced study, inferred using the Faherty et al. (2016) temperature scale for young brown dwarfs and the evolutionary models of Saumon & Marley (2008), based on the spectral type and the age^b of the region. ^b Age of the region as adopted by the authors. Note that these values may differ across studies and may have been revised in light of recent constraints, particularly following the release of Gaia data (e.g., Gaia DR2 and DR3; Gaia Collaboration 2018, 2021). ^c Not shown in Fig. 7 to preserve clarity due to its extreme value and ill-defined error. ^d Number of objects in each mass bin for this study. Fractions expressed as N_disk/N_tot represent those found in the literature values, as reported by the authors. Fields marked with “–” indicate values not specified by the authors.

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