Distribution of transformation times, corresponding to the horizontal length of the lines in Fig. 7. The transformation time is the time between the observed redshift and the time the galaxy reaches the early-type galaxy size relation. Left: Absolute transformation time ranging from 0 Gyr (some spiral galaxies are already as small as the average early-type galaxy) to 8 Gyr. Right: Relative transformation time, compared to the time between the observed redshift and the present day. Nearly all values are < 1, implying that essentially all observed spiral galaxies at z > 1 have sufficient time to transform into early-type galaxies by the present day, assuming that the spiral structure remains unchanged.