Identification and characterization of optical companions to the population of millisecond pulsars in the globular cluster M3

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Table 1

Main radio timing parameters and inferred physical properties for M3A, M3B, and M3E.

Parameter	M3A	M3B	M3E

Radio timing parameters
α (J2000)	13:42:13.79168(8)	13:42:11.08686(2)	13:42:12.3908(4)
δ (J2000)	28:23:01.966(1)	28:22:40.0844(2)	28:23:16.131(6)
P_b (days)	0.1358561044(3)	1.4173522991(3)	7.0968527(1)
P (ms)	2.54473824519474(6)	2.38942075782683(5)	5.4728653539829(3)
x_p (lt-s)	0.0256212(7)	1.8756549(3)	5.33923(1)
DM (pc cm⁻³)	26.4278(8)	26.1510(4)	26.521(7)
e	–	0.0000040(3)	0.000309(5)
θ_⊥ (arcmin)	0.6204	0.1214	0.6545

Inferred physical parameters

			WD	MS
M_COM (M_⊙)	$\leq {0.108}_{- 0.001}^{+ 0.001}$ $\le 0.108_{ - 0.001}^{ + 0.001}$	${0.18}_{- 0.01}^{+ 0.01}$ $0.18_{ - 0.01}^{ + 0.01}$	$\geq {0.390}_{- 0.001}^{+ 0.001}$ $\ge 0.390_{ - 0.001}^{ + 0.001}$	$\leq {0.484}_{- 0.001}^{+ 0.001}$ $\le 0.484_{ - 0.001}^{ + 0.001}$
log T_eff (K)	–	${4.08}_{- 0.04}^{+ 0.04}$ $4.08_{ - 0.04}^{ + 0.04}$	–	–
Cooling age (Gyr)	–	${0.98}_{- 0.19}^{+ 0.18}$ $0.98_{ - 0.19}^{ + 0.18}$	–	–
M_NS (M_⊙)	–	${1.22}_{- 0.01}^{+ 0.02}$ $1.22_{ - 0.01}^{ + 0.02}$	–	–
i (deg)	–	${88.84}_{- 6.77}^{+ 1.16}$ $88.84_{ - 6.77}^{ + 1.16}$	–	–

Notes. Radio timing parameters from Li et al. (2024): RA, Dec, orbital period (P_b), spin period (P), projected semimajor axis (x_p), dispersion measure (DM), orbital eccentricity (e) and angular offset from the GC center (θ_⊥). Inferred physical parameters derived following the methodology outlined in Sect. 3: companion mass, effective temperature, WD cooling age, neutron star mass, and orbital inclination. For M3E, the companion mass limit is given under both the assumptions of a WD and a nondegenerate main sequence (MS) companion.

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