Table 5
Identification of the shock type through methanol desorption for various shocks for which the shock type is known.
| Shock name | Pre-shock density Shock velocity | Shock-type from literature | χpost - shock [CH3OH] | Shock type without velocity | Shock type with velocity | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| L1157 B1a | 104–105 cm−3 40 km/s | C-type | 9 × 10−6 | C-type | C-type | %deso = 50% σmin = 1.3 |
| L1448-mmb | 1 × 105 cm−3 10–15 km/s | C-type | 10−6 | Unknown | C-type | %deso = 6% σmin = 1.4 |
| HH 7–11c | 104 cm−3 40–50 km/s | J-type | 7.4 × 10−9 | Unknown | J-type | %deso = 0.04% σmin = 12.5e |
| W3 IRS5d | 104 cm−3 10 km/s | J-type | 6.2 × 10−10 | Unknown | Unknownf | %deso = 3.4 × 10−3% σmin = 1.0 |
Notes. The χpost−shock[CH3OH] indicates the observed fractional abundance of methanol in the post-shock medium. The shock type without velocity indicates an identification without any constraints on the velocity. The shock type with velocity means that we reduce the parameter space to shocks with a velocity included in [Vs − 5, Vs + 5], Vs being the shock velocity found in the literature. The type of shock is considered to be identified if all models with geometric standard deviations less than three times the standard deviation (Eq. (8)) of the closest model are of the same type. Appendix B contains the geometric deviation for all shocks marked here. (a)For L1157 B1, the pre-shock density of 105 cm−3 and the velocity were inferred in Viti et al. (2011). A pre-shock density of 104 cm−4 was found in Codella et al. (2013). These pre-shock densities are in accordance with Benedettini et al. (2013). All these studies agree on the type of L1157 B1. The fractional abundance of methanol is the mean value from Codella et al. (2020) and Bachiller & Pérez Gutiérrez (1997) as it is included in their uncertainties. (b)L1448-mm is associated with several outflows, including a very powerful one (Bachiller et al. 1990). In these outflows, one of them is thought to be a C-type shock with a density of 105 cm−3, and a velocity of 10 km/s (Jiménez-Serra et al. 2004, 2005). Another limit at 15 km/s has been given in Hirano et al. (2010). The methanol abundance was derived in Jiménez-Serra et al. (2005). (c)The density, the velocity, and the shock type of HH 7–11 are discussed in Molinari et al. (2000). The fractional abundance of methanol is from Viti et al. (2006). (d)The shock velocity, the pre-shock density, and the shock type of W3 IRS5 represent the best match in Amin (2003). The methanol abundance was measured in Helmich & van Dishoeck (1997). (e)σmin is identified in the reduced parameter space with Vs ∈ [35, 50] km/s. (f)W3 IRS5 equally matches a C-type shock and a J-type shock model with σmin = 1.0. The safe identification as a J-type shock can only be done with a strong constraint on the pre-shock density at 104 cm−3, with σmin = 1.1.
Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.
Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.
Initial download of the metrics may take a while.