Overdense fireworks in GOODS-N: Unveiling a record number of massive dusty star-forming galaxies at z ∼ 5.2 with the N2CLS

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Volume 705 (January 2026)

A&A, 705 (2026) A214

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Table 2.

Derived properties for z ∼ 5.2 N2CLS galaxies with CO measurements in GOODS-N.

Quantity	Unit	N2GN_1_13	N2GN_1_06	N2GN_1_01
			HDF850.1	GN10
		z = 5.182	z = 5.183	z = 5.303
L_IR	10¹² L_⊙	6.5 ± 0.4	${\bar{μ}}_{L}^{- 1} \times (8.2 \pm 0.6)$ $\bar{\mu}_L^{-1} \times (8.2 \pm 0.6)$	15.0 ± 0.1
SFR	M_⊙ yr⁻¹	703 ± 41	${\bar{μ}}_{L}^{- 1} \times (899 \pm 68)$ $\bar{\mu}_L^{-1} \times (899 \pm 68)$	1639 ± 82
β		1.90 ± 0.21	2.56 ± 0.36	2.98 ± 0.06
M_dust	$\frac{0.047}{κ_{850 μ m}}$ $\frac{0.047}{\kappa_{850\,{\upmu}\mathrm{m}}}$ 10⁸ M_⊙	7.7 ± 0.8	${\bar{μ}}_{L}^{- 1} \times (11.9 \pm 1.5)$ $\bar{\mu}_L^{-1} \times (11.9 \pm 1.5)$	16.7 ± 0.8
M_★	10¹¹ M_⊙	1.1±0.1	${\bar{μ}}_{L}^{- 1} \times (0.6 \pm 0.2)$ $\bar{\mu}_L^{-1} \times (0.6 \pm 0.2)$	1.6 ± 0.1

M_Mol	$\frac{α_{CO}}{4}$ $\frac{\alpha_{\mathrm{CO}}}{4}$ 10¹⁰ M_⊙	3.1 ± 0.9	${\bar{μ}}_{L}^{- 1} \times (12 \pm 5)$ $\bar{\mu}_L^{-1} \times (12 \pm 5)$	25 ± 3
τ_dep = M_Mol/SFR	$\frac{α_{CO}}{4}$ $\frac{\alpha_{\mathrm{CO}}}{4}$ Myr	43 ± 13	137 ± 54	155 ± 20
GDR = M_Mol/M_dust	$\frac{α_{CO}}{4} \times \frac{κ_{850 μ m}}{0.047}$ $\frac{\alpha_{\mathrm{CO}}}{4} \times \frac{\kappa_{850\,{\upmu}\mathrm{m}}}{0.047}$	40 ± 12	103 ± 42	152 ± 20

Notes. The dust and molecular gas masses are obtained using κ_850 μm = 0.047 m² kg⁻¹ and α_CO = 4.0 M_⊙ (K km s⁻¹ pc²)⁻¹, respectively. The mean gravitational lensing magnification factor for HDF850.1 is ${\bar{μ}}_{L}$ $\bar{\mu}_L$ = 2.5 (Sun et al. 2024). The molecular gas mass has been computed using the lowest J CO transition available (4−3, 2−1 and 1−0 for N2GN_1_13, 06 and 01, respectively; see Sect. 4).

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