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Fig. 8

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Eccentricity and inclination dispersions estimated from the radial and vertical density distributions, respectively. Points with black outlines use the upper limits on ⟨erms⟩ presented in Han et al. (2026), while points with red outlines have ⟨erms⟩ estimated using Eq. (14). Disks may be dynamically dominated by catastrophic collisions when ⟨erms/irms⟩ ≲ 1, rather than self-stirred or planet-stirred scenarios that result in a larger ratio of ⟨erms/irms⟩. We note that the y-axis shows upper limits of ⟨erms⟩, so we only find upper limits on ⟨erms/irms⟩.

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