Fig. 4.
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Detectable MSPWD binaries in the chirp mass–gravitational-wave frequency plane for both formation scenarios considered in this study. The in situ population is shown with orange stars, while systems from the accreted scenario are marked with green downward-pointing triangles. For comparison, the underlying population of detectable WDWD binaries is shown in blue-grey. Contours indicate regions of constant relative uncertainty in the chirp mass (σℳ/ℳ) at levels of 1, 0.1, and 0.01, highlighting LISA’s ability to constrain binary parameters. The hatched region marks the part of parameter space where the chirp mass cannot be reliably measured (σℳ/ℳ > 1). The top axis shows the corresponding orbital period.
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