Gas accretion rates as a function of planetary mass. The curves show the Kelvin–Helmholtz contraction regime (blue line), the Hill regime (orange line), and disk-limited accretion (green line). The effective accretion rate onto the planet, defined as the minimum of the three regimes, is shown (dashed black line). The critical planetary masses at which the accretion rate reaches 10⁻⁵ M_⊕ yr⁻¹ are highlighted (dotted gray lines).