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Fig. A.1.

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Unprocessed image (left) and Laplacian-filtered image (right) of the inner coma of the interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS (C/2025 N1). The observation date (YYYY–MM–DD), start and end times (UTC), number of sidereal-tracking exposures, and total integration time are indicated above the panels. The projected velocity vector (red arrow) and antisolar direction (yellow arrow) are shown, together with the image scale and orientation. Red crosshairs mark the comet’s optocenter. Isophotal contours of the original (unfiltered) frame are overplotted on the filtered image (right) using ten logarithmically spaced levels between the 20th and 95th percentiles of the pixel-intensity distribution. The jet refers to the narrow, linear, black feature extending roughly northwest in the filtered image. It originates on the sunward side of the nucleus, in contrast to the dust tail, which points in the antisolar direction. The red dotted circle marks a projected radial distance of 6000 km from the optocenter, at which the jet PA is measured.

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