Fig. 3.
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The redshift evolution of the black hole mass function (top panel) and the stellar mass function (bottom panel) at z ∼ 5 − 15, as marked. Lines show PBH-seeded mass functions for different spectral slopes and spins, as marked. In panel (a), we show the observed BHMF at z ∼ 5 from a number of groups: Wil+10 (Willott et al. 2010), Mat+24 (Matthee et al. 2024), Kok+24 (Kokorev et al. 2024) and Tay+25 (Taylor et al. 2025a). In the bottom panels (e-g), points show the observed stellar mass functions inferred by Nav+24 (Navarro-Carrera et al. 2024), Wei+24 (Weibel et al. 2024), Bha+19 (Bhatawdekar et al. 2019), Har+25 (Harvey et al. 2025) and Ste+21 (Stefanon et al. 2021), as marked.
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