The (log of the) Eddington accretion fraction as a function of the black hole mass. Columns (left to right) show results for PBH-seeded systems with spin = 0, –1 and +1 as marked; rows (from top to bottom) show results at z ∼ 5, 7, 10 and 15. In each panel, colours show the associated stellar mass for each source from PHANES, as marked in panel l. Finally, large points show observational results at z ∼ 5 and 7 from Harikane et al. (2023, solid triangles), Matthee et al. (2024, solid hexagons) and Greene et al. (2024, solid circles). At z ∼ 5 and 7, solid squares show the results from Maiolino et al. (2024a) and Juodžbalis et al. (2024), respectively. All of the data points are color-coded by the stellar mass scheme used for the theoretical model – black points are used in cases where no observational stellar mass estimates are available.