Blazars define a stable celestial reference frame | Astronomy & Astrophysics (A&A)

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Table 1

Intrinsic instabilities in rotations, glides, and quadrupole distortions between S/X and Gaia.

Parameter	σ_quasar-like	σ_intermediate	σ_blazar-like	σ_defining
R₁	108	40	19	38
R₂	102	32	18	74
R₃	131	29	19	24
D₁	103	29	26	49
D₂	85	33	24	35
D₃	133	40	18	67
E₂₀	92	43	20	77
M₂₀	105	32	22	32
$E_{21}^{R e}$ $Mathematical equation: $\[E_{21}^{\mathrm{Re}}\]$$	117	43	27	82
$E_{21}^{I m}$ $Mathematical equation: $\[E_{21}^{\mathrm{Im}}\]$$	182	45	24	45
$M_{21}^{R e}$ $Mathematical equation: $\[M_{21}^{\mathrm{Re}}\]$$	174	39	26	51
$M_{21}^{I m}$ $Mathematical equation: $\[M_{21}^{\mathrm{Im}}\]$$	191	45	33	60
$E_{22}^{R e}$ $Mathematical equation: $\[E_{22}^{\mathrm{Re}}\]$$	90	21	12	24
$E_{22}^{I m}$ $Mathematical equation: $\[E_{22}^{\mathrm{Im}}\]$$	72	16	11	17
$M_{22}^{R e}$ $Mathematical equation: $\[M_{22}^{\mathrm{Re}}\]$$	85	24	13	26
$M_{22}^{I m}$ $Mathematical equation: $\[M_{22}^{\mathrm{Im}}\]$$	77	21	13	48

Average	115	33	20	47

Notes. Values given in μas, estimated as $σ^{2} = σ_{total}^{2} - σ_{stat}^{2}$ $Mathematical equation: $\[\sigma^{2}=\sigma_{\text {total}}^{2}-\sigma_{\text {stat}}^{2}\]$$ , where σ_total is the dispersion observed in the samples, and σ_stat is the dispersion due to sample size.

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