Blazars define a stable celestial reference frame | Astronomy & Astrophysics (A&A)

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Table 2

Intrinsic instabilities in rotations, glides, and quadrupole distortions between K and Gaia.

Parameter	σ_quasar-like	σ_intermediate	σ_blazar-like	σ_defining
R₁	55	59	28	26
R₂	78	47	23	22
R₃	42	46	24	22
D₁	69	62	36	37
D₂	59	46	30	32
D₃	63	46	27	16
E₂₀	90	51	26	32
M₂₀	50	51	27	34
$E_{21}^{R e}$ $Mathematical equation: $\[E_{21}^{\mathrm{Re}}\]$$	95	48	37	29
$E_{21}^{I m}$ $Mathematical equation: $\[E_{21}^{\mathrm{Im}}\]$$	73	57	33	26
$M_{21}^{R e}$ $Mathematical equation: $\[M_{21}^{\mathrm{Re}}\]$$	82	61	33	38
$M_{21}^{I m}$ $Mathematical equation: $\[M_{21}^{\mathrm{Im}}\]$$	86	78	45	48
$E_{22}^{R e}$ $Mathematical equation: $\[E_{22}^{\mathrm{Re}}\]$$	26	28	13	15
$E_{22}^{I m}$ $Mathematical equation: $\[E_{22}^{\mathrm{Im}}\]$$	35	25	15	15
$M_{22}^{R e}$ $Mathematical equation: $\[M_{22}^{\mathrm{Re}}\]$$	42	30	19	10
$M_{22}^{I m}$ $Mathematical equation: $\[M_{22}^{\mathrm{Im}}\]$$	39	25	18	12

Average	61	48	27	26

Notes. Values given in μas, estimated as $σ^{2} = σ_{total}^{2} - σ_{stat}^{2}$ $Mathematical equation: $\[\sigma^{2}=\sigma_{\text {total}}^{2}-\sigma_{\text {stat}}^{2}\]$$ , where σ_total is the dispersion observed in the samples, and σ_stat is the dispersion due to sample size.

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