Blazars define a stable celestial reference frame | Astronomy & Astrophysics (A&A)

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Table 3

Intrinsic instabilities in rotations, glides, and quadrupole distortions between X/Ka and Gaia.

Parameter	σ_quasar-like	σ_intermediate	σ_blazar-like	σ_defining
R₁	37	51	19	28
R₂	60	48	28	26
R₃	42	58	23	26
D₁	44	67	0	39
D₂	47	48	18	31
D₃	54	45	30	25
E₂₀	62	56	29	40
M₂₀	42	57	13	36
$E_{21}^{R e}$ $Mathematical equation: $\[E_{21}^{\mathrm{Re}}\]$$	62	52	37	27
$E_{21}^{I m}$ $Mathematical equation: $\[E_{21}^{\mathrm{Im}}\]$$	54	52	22	30
$M_{21}^{R e}$ $Mathematical equation: $\[M_{21}^{\mathrm{Re}}\]$$	74	64	34	49
$M_{21}^{I m}$ $Mathematical equation: $\[M_{21}^{\mathrm{Im}}\]$$	55	78	13	57
$E_{22}^{R e}$ $Mathematical equation: $\[E_{22}^{\mathrm{Re}}\]$$	24	36	15	20
$E_{22}^{I m}$ $Mathematical equation: $\[E_{22}^{\mathrm{Im}}\]$$	35	33	13	16
$M_{22}^{R e}$ $Mathematical equation: $\[M_{22}^{\mathrm{Re}}\]$$	31	32	16	14
$M_{22}^{I m}$ $Mathematical equation: $\[M_{22}^{\mathrm{Im}}\]$$	38	24	20	17

Average	48	50	21	30

Notes. Values given in μas, estimated as $σ^{2} = σ_{total}^{2} - σ_{stat}^{2}$ $Mathematical equation: $\[\sigma^{2}=\sigma_{\text {total}}^{2}-\sigma_{\text {stat}}^{2}\]$$ , where σ_total is the dispersion observed in the samples, and σ_stat is the dispersion due to sample size.

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