Blazars define a stable celestial reference frame | Astronomy & Astrophysics (A&A)

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Table 4

Frame distortions and instabilities in uas between ICRF3 S/X and Gaia DR3 before and after weighting for 1938 sources (d.o.f. = 3860).

Parameter	$\hat{μ}$ $Mathematical equation: $\[\hat{\mu}\]$$	${\hat{μ}}_{w}$ $Mathematical equation: $\[\hat{\mu}_{w}\]$$	$\hat{σ}$ $Mathematical equation: $\[\hat{\sigma}\]$$	${\hat{σ}}_{w}$ $Mathematical equation: $\[\hat{\sigma}_{w}\]$$
R₁	+9	+20	26	15
R₂	+3	−9	34	15
R₃	−44	+8	42	14
D₁	+24	+22	36	21
D₂	−48	−19	36	17
D₃	−36	−25	29	15
E₂₀	−32	−46	34	18
M₂₀	−60	−14	32	16
$E_{21}^{R e}$ $Mathematical equation: $\[E_{21}^{\mathrm{Re}}\]$$	−50	−28	34	20
$E_{21}^{I m}$ $Mathematical equation: $\[E_{21}^{\mathrm{Im}}\]$$	+41	−12	35	18
$M_{21}^{R e}$ $Mathematical equation: $\[M_{21}^{\mathrm{Re}}\]$$	+14	−1	50	20
$M_{21}^{I m}$ $Mathematical equation: $\[M_{21}^{\mathrm{Im}}\]$$	−89	−4	49	31
$E_{22}^{R e}$ $Mathematical equation: $\[E_{22}^{\mathrm{Re}}\]$$	−42	−33	32	10
$E_{22}^{I m}$ $Mathematical equation: $\[E_{22}^{\mathrm{Im}}\]$$	−11	+8	15	9
$M_{22}^{R e}$ $Mathematical equation: $\[M_{22}^{\mathrm{Re}}\]$$	−7	+6	16	10
$M_{22}^{I m}$ $Mathematical equation: $\[M_{22}^{\mathrm{Im}}\]$$	−3	+1	21	10

Average^†	32	16	33	16

Notes. Distortions are defined as the mean value of the bootstrap samples, and the standard deviation (dispersion) of the samples quantifies the instabilities. ^†The average of the distortions is taken over the absolute values.

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