Blazars define a stable celestial reference frame | Astronomy & Astrophysics (A&A)

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Table 5

Frame distortions and instabilities in μas between ICRF3 K and Gaia DR3 before and after weighting for 431 sources (d.o.f. = 846).

Parameter	$\hat{μ}$ $Mathematical equation: $\[\hat{\mu}\]$$	${\hat{μ}}_{w}$ $Mathematical equation: $\[\hat{\mu}_{w}\]$$	$\hat{σ}$ $Mathematical equation: $\[\hat{\sigma}\]$$	${\hat{σ}}_{w}$ $Mathematical equation: $\[\hat{\sigma}_{w}\]$$
R₁	+25	+6	23	21
R₂	−13	−12	26	20
R₃	+2	+17	19	19
D₁	+59	+25	35	32
D₂	−50	−59	21	22
D₃	−27	−32	23	18
E₂₀	−63	−60	28	23
M₂₀	−16	+3	36	28
$E_{21}^{R e}$ $Mathematical equation: $\[E_{21}^{\mathrm{Re}}\]$$	+45	+17	33	25
$E_{21}^{I m}$ $Mathematical equation: $\[E_{21}^{\mathrm{Im}}\]$$	+49	+48	35	29
$M_{21}^{R e}$ $Mathematical equation: $\[M_{21}^{\mathrm{Re}}\]$$	−69	−56	27	28
$M_{21}^{I m}$ $Mathematical equation: $\[M_{21}^{\mathrm{Im}}\]$$	+7	−12	44	42
$E_{22}^{R e}$ $Mathematical equation: $\[E_{22}^{\mathrm{Re}}\]$$	−11	−12	17	14
$E_{22}^{I m}$ $Mathematical equation: $\[E_{22}^{\mathrm{Im}}\]$$	+15	+20	11	11
$M_{22}^{R e}$ $Mathematical equation: $\[M_{22}^{\mathrm{Re}}\]$$	−19	−24	15	14
$M_{22}^{I m}$ $Mathematical equation: $\[M_{22}^{\mathrm{Im}}\]$$	+39	+29	17	13

Average^†	32	27	26	22

Notes. Distortions are defined as the mean value of the bootstrap samples, and the standard deviation (dispersion) of the samples quantifies the instabilities. ^†The average of the distortions is taken over the absolute values.

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