Temperature and n₂ population distributions at t = 60 s for the four simulation cases. The average time steps of the CFL = 0.6 and CFL = 0.1 cases are approximately 10⁻² s and 2 × 10⁻³ s, respectively. Panels (a) and (b) display the temperature and n₂ distributions for the case with CFL = 0.6. Panels (c) and (d) show the corresponding regions (outlined in panels (a) and (b)) for all four cases, respectively. Panels (e) and (f) present 1D profiles of temperature and n₂, respectively, extracted along the dashed lines in panels (a) and (b), for all four cases. In panel (f), an additional n₂ profile computed from the balance solution for the Δt = 10⁻⁵ s case is also shown for reference.