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Fig. A.3

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Orbital configuration of satellites in the Milky Way and TNG50/Auriga galaxies within the 3σ confidence level. For each galaxy, we show the orbits of the ten brightest/most massive satellites. For the Milky Way, the pluses represent the orbit of the Sagittarius stream. The colours represent the relative mass of the satellites in each galaxy, red is the most massive one; the thickness of the curves are scaled with the maximum history mass of the satellites. The blue ellipses in the top panels indicate the orientation of stellar disc. The first four simulated galaxies in the topleft panels are the four galaxies we discussed, they show similar vertical satellite plane as the Milky Way. While the rest nine simulated galaxies show rather isotropic distribution of the satellite galaxies. Eight of the 13 galaxies (highlighted by red boxes), experienced disc tilt from 30° to 100°, most of them are likely induced by a massive minor merger (red curves), mostly spiraled inward on tangential orbits, except 580406.

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