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Table 1.

Parameters for the star and the simulation.

Parameter Values
Dipole inclination 60°
Dipole magnetic field 1012 G
Star rotation period P 0.25 s
Star mass M 1.5 Ms
Star radius R 10 km

Domain size Lx 700Δx
Domain size Ly 1500Δx
Domain size Lz 700Δx
Grid cell size Δx 1.67 m
Initial particle density on axis n0(x = 0) 1.4 ⋅ 1011 cm−3
Initial plasma skin depth de′(n0′(x = 0))/Δx 9.9
Simulation time step Δt 2.17 ns
Total simulation time steps Tt 20 000
Polar cap angle θpc, Eq. (4) 1.97°
Polar cap transition angle Δθ/θpc 0.1
Current profile j/jGJ, axis Eq. (7), Fig. 2
Particle decay threshold γthr 1.67 ⋅ 109
Secondary particle γsec 7.3 ⋅ 104

Initial density n0′(x, ι = 60° ) 1 PPC
Initial and injection particle velocity u0′/c 0.1
Initial density closed lines nclosed 50 n0
Absorbing boundary condition width labc 24Δx

Notes. The simulation-scaled quantities are denoted by primes.

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