Open Access
Table 1.
Parameters for the star and the simulation.
| Parameter | Values |
|---|---|
| Dipole inclination | 60° |
| Dipole magnetic field | 1012 G |
| Star rotation period P | 0.25 s |
| Star mass M★ | 1.5 Ms |
| Star radius R★ | 10 km |
| Domain size Lx | 700Δx |
| Domain size Ly | 1500Δx |
| Domain size Lz | 700Δx |
| Grid cell size Δx | 1.67 m |
| Initial particle density on axis n0(x = 0) | 1.4 ⋅ 1011 cm−3 |
| Initial plasma skin depth de′(n0′(x = 0))/Δx | 9.9 |
| Simulation time step Δt | 2.17 ns |
| Total simulation time steps T/Δt | 20 000 |
| Polar cap angle θpc, Eq. (4) | 1.97° |
| Polar cap transition angle Δθ/θpc | 0.1 |
| Current profile j∥/jGJ, axis | Eq. (7), Fig. 2 |
| Particle decay threshold γthr | 1.67 ⋅ 109 |
| Secondary particle γsec | 7.3 ⋅ 104 |
| Initial density n0′(x, ι = 60° ) | 1 PPC |
| Initial and injection particle velocity u0′/c | 0.1 |
| Initial density closed lines nclosed′ | 50 n0′ |
| Absorbing boundary condition width labc | 24Δx |
Notes. The simulation-scaled quantities are denoted by primes.
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