Left panel : Titan’s central flash layer as determined from a stellar occultation observed in 2003 (black line). The red line enhances the distortion of the layer by expanding by a factor of twenty its departure from sphericity. The small blue feature near the shadow center shows the caustic created by this model. Middle panel : close-up view of the caustic and the distribution of light around it in the case of a smooth flash layer. Right panel : same as middle panel in the presence of small corrugations of the flash layer caused by gravity waves. Adapted from Sicardy (2022).