Fig. 1
Download original image
Normalized torques felt by an1 M⊕ planet with metallicities of ε = 0.01, 0.03, and 0.1. Three accretion efficiencies were modeled: η = 0, 0.1, and 1. The columns from left to right show three sets of models that assume different slopes for the initial disk density profile: p = 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5. Symbols represent the different Stokes numbers, St = 0.01, 0.1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 10. For the elevated metallicities, two models are shown: predicted (left) and numerical simulations (right). The shaded regions of positive (red), weakened negative (blue), and strengthened negative (green) torques darken with the metallicity. The normalization factor is the absolute value of the appropriate non-back-reacting gas torque. Panels A1, A2, and A3: Solid torques in the back-reacting models normalized by the absolute value of the solid torque non-back-reacting models with ε = 0.01. Panels B1, B2, and B3: Gas torques in the back-reacting models normalized by the absolute value of the gas torque in the non-back-reacting models with ε = 0.01. Panels C1, C2, and C3: Total torques in the back-reacting models normalized by the absolute value of the gas torque in the non-back-reacting models with ε = 0.01.
Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.
Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.
Initial download of the metrics may take a while.