Fig. 5
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Example of late merger galaxy (ID: 372754), shown in face-on (top) and edge-on (bottom) views before merger, tp = 10.65 Gyr (left), at the time of the merger, tm = 11.14 Gyr (center), and at the final time, tf = 13.80 Gyr (right). At the time of the merger, the galaxy retains some semblance of a disk-like structure, though it already shows signs of disruption. By the final snapshot, the disk becomes more disturbed and puffed up, especially in the vertical direction. This suggests that the late merger deposited energy into the system too recently for the galaxy to fully relax, leading to a disrupted morphology and significant vertical thickening.
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