Predicted incidence of Jupiter-like planets around white dwarfs

Open Access

Table 1

Predicted companion population around WDs for different model assumptions.

1000 planets simulation	a_f	e_f	M_WD	t_WD	t_tot	f_surv	f_WD
	(AU)		(M_⊙)	(Gyr)	(Gyr)
Villaver (Baseline)	${11.3}_{- 3.2}^{+ 4.8}$ $Mathematical equation: $11.3_{-3.2}^{+4.8}$$	${0.15}_{- 0.11}^{+ 0.20}$ $Mathematical equation: $0.15_{-0.11}^{+0.20}$$	${0.61}_{- 0.04}^{+ 0.06}$ $Mathematical equation: $0.61_{-0.04}^{+0.06}$$	${2.91}_{- 2.19}^{+ 2.22}$ $Mathematical equation: $2.91_{-2.19}^{+2.22}$$	${5.96}_{- 2.41}^{+ 2.41}$ $Mathematical equation: $5.96_{-2.41}^{+2.41}$$	262/1000	1.3%
Rasio (Baseline)	${11.0}_{- 2.7}^{+ 3.8}$ $Mathematical equation: $11.0_{-2.7}^{+3.8}$$	${0.11}_{- 0.07}^{+ 0.19}$ $Mathematical equation: $0.11_{-0.07}^{+0.19}$$	${0.60}_{- 0.03}^{+ 0.05}$ $Mathematical equation: $0.60_{-0.03}^{+0.05}$$	${3.10}_{- 2.40}^{+ 2.51}$ $Mathematical equation: $3.10_{-2.40}^{+2.51}$$	${6.58}_{- 2.27}^{+ 2.02}$ $Mathematical equation: $6.58_{-2.27}^{+2.02}$$	123/1000	0.6%
No Tidal Forces	${9.6}_{- 3.4}^{+ 4.5}$ $Mathematical equation: $9.6_{-3.4}^{+4.5}$$	${0.18}_{- 0.11}^{+ 0.18}$ $Mathematical equation: $0.18_{-0.11}^{+0.18}$$	${0.61}_{- 0.04}^{+ 0.05}$ $Mathematical equation: $0.61_{-0.04}^{+0.05}$$	${2.67}_{- 1.97}^{+ 2.46}$ $Mathematical equation: $2.67_{-1.97}^{+2.46}$$	${5.48}_{- 2.26}^{+ 2.51}$ $Mathematical equation: $5.48_{-2.26}^{+2.51}$$	652/1000	3.2%
Villaver (P_break=1500 days)	${15.4}_{- 5.5}^{+ 6.9}$ $Mathematical equation: $15.4_{-5.5}^{+6.9}$$	${0.19}_{- 0.12}^{+ 0.25}$ $Mathematical equation: $0.19_{-0.12}^{+0.25}$$	${0.61}_{- 0.04}^{+ 0.05}$ $Mathematical equation: $0.61_{-0.04}^{+0.05}$$	${2.66}_{- 1.96}^{+ 2.45}$ $Mathematical equation: $2.66_{-1.96}^{+2.45}$$	${5.53}_{- 2.37}^{+ 2.48}$ $Mathematical equation: $5.53_{-2.37}^{+2.48}$$	573/1000	2.8%
Rasio (P_break=1500 days)	${17.0}_{- 6.4}^{+ 5.9}$ $Mathematical equation: $17.0_{-6.4}^{+5.9}$$	${0.17}_{- 0.12}^{+ 0.24}$ $Mathematical equation: $0.17_{-0.12}^{+0.24}$$	${0.61}_{- 0.04}^{+ 0.05}$ $Mathematical equation: $0.61_{-0.04}^{+0.05}$$	${2.77}_{- 2.07}^{+ 2.35}$ $Mathematical equation: $2.77_{-2.07}^{+2.35}$$	${5.75}_{- 2.20}^{+ 2.43}$ $Mathematical equation: $5.75_{-2.20}^{+2.43}$$	386/1000	1.9%
Villaver (e=0)	${11.3}_{- 3.4}^{+ 4.2}$ $Mathematical equation: $11.3_{-3.4}^{+4.2}$$	0.00	${0.61}_{- 0.04}^{+ 0.05}$ $Mathematical equation: $0.61_{-0.04}^{+0.05}$$	${2.80}_{- 2.07}^{+ 2.45}$ $Mathematical equation: $2.80_{-2.07}^{+2.45}$$	${5.83}_{- 2.45}^{+ 2.39}$ $Mathematical equation: $5.83_{-2.45}^{+2.39}$$	343/1000	1.7%
Rasio (e=0)	${11.4}_{- 2.8}^{+ 3.9}$ $Mathematical equation: $11.4_{-2.8}^{+3.9}$$	0.00	${0.60}_{- 0.03}^{+ 0.05}$ $Mathematical equation: $0.60_{-0.03}^{+0.05}$$	${2.92}_{- 2.29}^{+ 2.21}$ $Mathematical equation: $2.92_{-2.29}^{+2.21}$$	${6.17}_{- 2.39}^{+ 2.22}$ $Mathematical equation: $6.17_{-2.39}^{+2.22}$$	170/1000	0.8%
Villaver (η_B = 0.7)	${11.6}_{- 4.4}^{+ 5.8}$ $Mathematical equation: $11.6_{-4.4}^{+5.8}$$	${0.19}_{- 0.12}^{+ 0.23}$ $Mathematical equation: $0.19_{-0.12}^{+0.23}$$	${0.62}_{- 0.04}^{+ 0.05}$ $Mathematical equation: $0.62_{-0.04}^{+0.05}$$	${2.70}_{- 1.98}^{+ 2.44}$ $Mathematical equation: $2.70_{-1.98}^{+2.44}$$	${5.36}_{- 2.33}^{+ 2.60}$ $Mathematical equation: $5.36_{-2.33}^{+2.60}$$	579/1000	2.9%
Rasio (η_B = 0.7)	${12.9}_{- 4.3}^{+ 5.3}$ $Mathematical equation: $12.9_{-4.3}^{+5.3}$$	${0.18}_{- 0.12}^{+ 0.26}$ $Mathematical equation: $0.18_{-0.12}^{+0.26}$$	${0.62}_{- 0.04}^{+ 0.05}$ $Mathematical equation: $0.62_{-0.04}^{+0.05}$$	${2.82}_{- 2.09}^{+ 2.32}$ $Mathematical equation: $2.82_{-2.09}^{+2.32}$$	${5.34}_{- 2.20}^{+ 2.62}$ $Mathematical equation: $5.34_{-2.20}^{+2.62}$$	405/1000	2.0%

Notes. We tested the impact of the assumed mass-loss efficiency for stars on the AGB, the assumed strength of tidal forces, the adopted eccentricity and planet-mass distribution, as well as the age-metallicity relation assumed for the WD progenitor stars. Each entry shows the median value with the 16th and 84th percentiles. Columns correspond to final semimajor axis, final eccentricity, WD mass, WD age, total system age, survival rate, and predicted fraction of WDs hosting substellar companions, normalized to the total sample of 20 315 WDs.

Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.

Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.

Initial download of the metrics may take a while.